Mark Brown on the benefits of modular buildings for schools.
Modern modular buildings are not the damp temporary cabins of the past. Modern modular construction systems are generally cheaper, quicker and lower in energy use than traditional construction methods. There are two types of modular construction used in the education sector: volumetric and sectional.
Volumetric modules are factory built cabins which are transported to site as finished units on lorries. In sectional modular construction, the components are factory manufactured, batched up and transported to site where the sections are pieced together.
Both these systems have their advantages. A volumetric model tends to take the shortest time onsite but can be restrictive in terms of site location, design and interior layout, whereas the sectional modular model has more design flexibility and less site access issues. They can both be used in a confined space which can be self-contained so that education can continue on the school site. Importantly, the fabric of these building types are highly air tight and therefore energy efficient.
Environmental impact
In 2008, the UK became the first major economy to commit to end its contribution to global warming by 2050. In the context of the built environment, net zero can describe buildings that are net zero carbon in operation or those that are net zero carbon in their construction. Until we have a legally binding set of regulations, the general principles that the UKGBC is encouraging the construction industry to adopt are threefold. Firstly, the polluter pays and any emissions made should, ideally, be measured and offset as they occur. Secondly, measurement of emissions should be accurate (not estimated) and the data collected must be made available transparently and publicly. Natural, sustainable materials should be considered first, avoiding high embodied carbon materials wherever possible and still ensuring longevity.
Biophilia
As timber is a natural product that closes off carbon as it grows, it is a highly suitable material for reducing carbon during the product stage. However, timber also has considerable secondary benefits. It is a truly sustainable product when sourced from forests certified by the Forest Stewardship Council or the Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification. It also has well-known biophilic properties which help enhance a learning environment. In Greek and Roman architecture, open-air courtyards were the centre of the home, with gardens, fountains and sculptures providing a calming respite, fresh air, natural light and views of nature.
A number of academics and researchers have looked into the positive effects of nature being incorporated into the built environment. Biologist Edward Wilson argued that humanity’s affinity for nature was innate and evolutionary, and that it binds us all to other species. Psychologist Judith Heerwagen suggested that biophilic design should “maintain, enhance and restore the beneficial experience of nature in the built environment”.
While biophilic design is often presented as something new and innovative, it was the way buildings were designed for much of human history. Integration with the natural environment, use of local materials, themes and patterns of nature in building artefacts and a connection to culture and heritage were all used by builders, artisans and designers to create structures that are still among the most functional, beautiful and enduring in the world.
Biophilic design principles cover three core areas that are relevant to many school populations.
1. Nature in the space, such as sunlight, fresh air flow, pot plants, green walls and aquariums
2. Nature of the space, incorporating spatial configurations to which we are naturally drawn, such as cosy secluded nooks, wide open expansive space and meandering corridors
3. Natural analogues, including shapes, patterns and colours reminiscent of natural forms, natural materials like timber and stone, nature photography and artwork.
Biophilic design can enhance a building in a number of ways. In education, adding sensory elements from the living, natural environment can help inspire curiosity, imagination and discovery in students. As well as reducing stress, biophilic design can enhance sensory and motor development by using elements from the living, natural environment which can reduce fatigue, while cognitive ability and emotional wellbeing can be increased by the inclusion of nature in learning environments.
We have noticed a significant increase in demand from special schools and for SEND provision in mainstream schools, with those working in SEND and SEMH reporting that a timber frame building using natural materials with floor to ceiling windows and doors, also providing easy access to the outdoors with covered walkways, provides a particularly suitable environment.
Each building can be designed with specific needs in mind. Small rooms can be included for breakout spaces while treatment rooms and sensory rooms can be easily accommodated, as can accessible toilets, ramps and kitchens. The natural materials and excellent acoustics provide calming spaces.
Author: Mark Brown
Mark Brown
Mark Brown is a Consultant at TG Escapes Modular Eco-Buildings who provide timber frame off site building solutions to the education sector.
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