In our increasingly globalised world, multilingualism among children is more common than ever. Children growing up in multicultural environments often learn to speak and write in two or more languages, a process that brings both cognitive advantages and unique challenges. When dysgraphia—a learning disability that affects writing abilities—enters the mix, these challenges can become particularly pronounced.
Dysgraphia manifests as difficulty with spelling, poor handwriting, and trouble organising thoughts on paper. For multilingual students, these difficulties are compounded by the need to navigate multiple language systems, each with its own set of rules and structures. The phenomenon of translanguaging, where multilingual speakers use their languages as an integrated communication system, further complicates the picture. While translanguaging can be a powerful tool for learning and expression, it can also highlight inconsistencies in written languages.
More than half of the world’s population is bilingual or multilingual, and the proportion continues to grow. In many educational settings, students are encouraged to learn and use multiple languages, enhancing their cultural understanding and cognitive flexibility. However, for students with dysgraphia, managing the intricacies of different written languages—whether it’s the Latin alphabet, Cyrillic script, or logographic characters like those in Chinese—can be particularly challenging. These are some of the challenges faced by multilingual students with dysgraphia:
Orthographic differences
Each language has its unique writing system. For instance, transitioning from the Latin alphabet to Chinese characters requires different motor skills and visual processing abilities.
Phonological processing
Dysgraphia often involves difficulties with phonological processing. Multilingual students must process and write sounds that vary significantly between languages.
Cognitive load
Managing multiple languages increases cognitive load. Students must switch between languages, each with its own grammar, vocabulary, and writing conventions.
Strategies for Supporting Multilingual Students with Dysgraphia
Despite the difficulties faced by multilingual students with dysgraphia, several strategies can help them succeed in their writing endeavours:
Make use of technology
Assistive technology can be a game-changer. Speech-to-text software, predictive text programs, and language-specific spell checkers can reduce the burden of writing. Encourage the use of these tools in all languages the student is learning.
Multisensory instruction
Implementing multisensory learning techniques can help. These might include using sand trays for writing practice, colour-coding parts of speech, or employing tactile letters. Such approaches can reinforce language learning through multiple sensory pathways.
Language-Specific Strategies
Tailor strategies to the specific languages involved. For example, if a student is learning a language with a different script, such as Arabic or Hindi, focus on muscle memory and pattern recognition exercises. For alphabetic languages, emphasise phonetic decoding and encoding activities.
Consistent Practice and Positive Reinforcement
Regular, structured practice can build confidence and competence. Celebrate small successes to boost morale. Momentum is key in maintaining motivation and reducing frustration.
Cross-Language Transfer Skills
Help students draw connections between their languages. For example, pointing out similarities and differences in grammar or vocabulary can make the learning process more coherent and less intimidating.
Parental and Community Support
Engage parents and community members who speak the student’s languages. They can provide valuable support and reinforcement outside the classroom. Encourage reading and writing in both languages at home.
Creating a supportive and understanding environment is crucial. Teachers, parents, and peers play vital roles in this process. By fostering an inclusive atmosphere and providing the right tools and strategies, multilingual students with dysgraphia can thrive. Remember, every student’s journey with dysgraphia is unique. Patience, empathy, and personalised approaches will go a long way in helping these students succeed.
Jeannette Washington
Jeannette Washington is an experienced Speech-Language Pathologist with a dual Master's Degree in Curriculum and Instruction. She has worked as an IB educator, dedicating her career to supporting diverse learners globally.